The Cascade Integrator Comb (CIC) filter is an efficient digital filter used in multi-rate signal processing, characterized by its low-pass filtering properties. Key advantages include:
1. All filter coefficients are 1, eliminating the need for storage and multiplication during filtering, relying only on adders and accumulators.
2. The structure is flexible, allowing for easy adjustment of interpolation factors without altering the overall design.
### Integrator
- The integrator's time-domain representation is given by \( y_1(n) = x(n) + y_1(n-1) \).
- In the frequency domain, it is represented as \( H_1(e^{jw}) = \frac{1}{1 - e^{-jw}} \), with an amplitude spectrum that shows it has poles at \( \omega = 2k\pi \) and infinite gain for DC signals.
### Comb Filter
- The comb filter's time-domain representation is \( y_C(n) = x(n) - x(n - RM) \).
- Its frequency domain representation is \( H_C(z) = 1 - z^{-RM} \), with an amplitude spectrum indicating it has zeros but no poles.
### CIC Filter Characteristics
- The single-stage CIC filter's amplitude spectrum is \( |H_{CIC}(e^{jw})| = \left| \frac{\sin\left(\frac{RM}{2}w\right)}{\sin\left(\frac{w}{2}\right)} \right| \).
- The filter achieves zero-pole cancellation, with the main lobe width determined by \( [0, \frac{2\pi}{RM}] \) and side lobe suppression quantified.
### Performance Metrics
- Side lobe suppression and stopband attenuation can be improved by cascading multiple CIC stages, with formulas for side lobe level, stopband attenuation, and passband ripple provided.
- The maximum gain of a multi-stage CIC filter is \( G_{max